In Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the preschool years correspond to which stage?

• A. Trust vs Mistrust
• B. Initiative vs Guilt
• C. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• D. Industry vs Inferiority

Answer: (B)

Preschool-age children are learning to act with purpose and take the initiative in their world. In Erikson’s theory, this is the Initiative vs. Guilt stage, typically spanning about ages 3 to 6. When adults encourage exploration, allow simple decisions, and celebrate effort, children develop a sense of initiative and confidence in pursuing goals. They begin planning activities, starting projects, and trying new tasks, like games, drawing, or helping with chores. If encouragement is lacking or criticism is harsh, children may internalize guilt about their desires to take initiative, leading to hesitation or fear of trying new things. This balance between initiative and guilt shapes their ability to act with purpose and cooperate with others as they grow. For context, trust vs. mistrust is the infancy stage, autonomy vs. shame and doubt covers the toddler years, and industry vs. Inferiority comes in the school-age years.